Resources

Livestock

Swine

  • Y. L. Huang, M. S. Ashwell, R. S. Fry, K. E Lloyd, W. L. Flowers, J. W. Spears (2015).Effect of dietary copper amount and source on copper metabolism and oxidative stress of weaning pigs in short-term feeding . Journal of Animal Science, Volume 93, Issue 6, June 2015, Pages 2948–2955. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8082
  • Cordoba, Hilario M., et al (2022). Effect of Increasing Manganese from Manganese Hydroxychloride on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Economics of Grow-Finish Pigs. Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Reports 8.10 (2022): 37. https://doi.org/10.4148/2378-5977.8390
  • Bingkun Zhang, Yuming Guo (2007).Beneficial effects of tetrabasic zinc chloride for weanling piglets and the bioavailability of zinc in tetrabasic form relative to ZnO, Animal Feed Science and Technology,Volume 135, Issues 1–2,Pages 75-85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.006.
  • Chen, Jianjun, et al (2024). “Taurine enhances growth performance by improving intestinal integrity and antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets.” Journal of Animal Science 102 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skae311
  • Fu, Rong, et al (2022). Mechanism of action and the uses betaine in pig production. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 106.3 (2022): 528-536.
    Giovani Farina, et al (2017). Performance of broilers fed different dietary choline sources and levels. ZOOTECNIA • Ciênc. anim. bras. 18, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1590/1089-6891v18e-37633
  • Yueqin Qiu, et al (2021). Supplemental Choline Modulates Growth Performance and Gut Inflammation by Altering the Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism in Weaned Piglets, The Journal of Nutrition, Volume 151, Issue 1, 2021, Pages 20-29, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxaa331

Poultry

  • Lu, L., Wang, R.L., Zhang, Z.J. et al (2010). Effect of Dietary Supplementation with Copper Sulfate or Tribasic Copper Chloride on the Growth Performance, Liver Copper Concentrations of Broilers Fed in Floor Pens, and Stabilities of Vitamin E and Phytase in Feeds. Biol Trace Elem Res 138, 181–189 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-010-8623-3
  • R.D. Miles, S.F. O’Keefe, P.R. Henry, C.B. Ammerman, X.G. Luo (1998),The effect of dietary supplementation with copper sulfate or tribasic copper chloride on broiler performance, relative copper bioavailability, and dietary prooxidant activity, Poultry Science,Volume 77, Issue 3,1998, Pages 416-425.
  • A.K. Conly, R. Poureslami, E.A. Koutsos, A.B. Batal, B. Jung, R. Beckstead, D.G. Peterson (2012). Tolerance and efficacy of tribasic manganese chloride in growing broiler chickens, Poultry Science, Volume 91, Issue 7,Pages 1633-1640. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2011-02056.
  • P.F. Surai, I.I. Kochish, M.T. Kidd (2020),Taurine in poultry nutrition, Animal Feed Science and Technology,Volume 260,114339.
    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114339
  • Abd El-Ghany, Wafaa A., and Daryoush Babazadeh (2022). “Betaine: A potential nutritional metabolite in the poultry industry.” Animals 12.19 (2022): 2624.https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192624
  • Gregg CR, Hutson BL, Flees JJ, Lowman ZS, Estes KA, Starkey JD, Starkey CW (2023). Evaluation of Increasing Concentrations of Supplemental Choline Chloride on Modern Broiler Chicken Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics. Animals (Basel). 2023 Apr 23;13(9):1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13091445

Cattle

  • McGrath, J., Duval, S. M., Tamassia, L. F. M., Kindermann, M., Stemmler, R. T., de Gouvea, V. N., Acedo, T. S., Immig, I., Williams, S. N., & Celi, P. (2018). Nutritional strategies in ruminants: A lifetime approach. Research in Veterinary Science, 116, 28–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.09.011
  • J. Cohen (2014), Trace mineral nutrition symposium: Exploring recent developments in swine and ruminants, Journal of Animal Science, Volume 92, Issue 2, February 2014, Pages 414-415.  https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-7429
  • Abhijith, A.; Dunshea, F.R.; Chauhan, S.S.; Sejian, V.; DiGiacomo, K. A(2024).  Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Dietary Betaine on Milk Production, Growth Performance, and Carcass Traits of Ruminants. Animals 2024, 14, 1756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121756
  • Monteiro, A.P.A. et al (2017). Effects of feeding betaine-containing liquid supplement to transition dairy cows, . Journal of Dairy Science, Volume 100, Issue 2, 1063 – 1071.
    Arshad U, Santos JEP(2024). Graduate Student Literature Review: Exploring choline’s important roles as a nutrient for transition dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2024 Jul;107(7):4357-4369. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2023-24050.

Dog and Cat

Dog

  • Amanda N Dainton, Dana J Tomlinson, Charles Gregory Aldrich (2022). Effects of select copper sources at minimum supplementation levels on nutrient content, off-colors, and blemishes in canned pet food, Translational Animal Science, Volume 6, Issue 2. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txac036
  • Sean J. Delaney, Andrea J. Fascetti (2023), Basic Nutrition Overview, Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition,Chapter 2, First published: 23 August 2023.  https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119375241.ch2
  • C. L. Tôrres, R. C. Backus, A. J. Fascetti, Q. R. Rogers (First published: 22 September 2003). Taurine status in normal dogs fed a commercial diet associated with taurine deficiency and dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition Volume 87, Issue 9-10 pp. 359-372
    https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0396.2003.00446.x
  • Arumugam MK, Paal MC, Donohue TM Jr, Ganesan M, Osna NA, Kharbanda KK.(2021). Beneficial Effects of Betaine: A Comprehensive Review. Biology (Basel). 2021 May 22;10(6):456. 
    https://doi.org/7810.3390/biology10060456

Cat

  • Dainton, Amanda N., et al. (2021)”Effects of copper source and supplementation level on degradation products, color, and fatty acid profile in canned pet food.” Animal Feed Science and Technology. 
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115114
  • Bilgiç, B., Tarhan, D., Ateş, F., Parkan Yaramiş, Ç., Koenhemsi, L. and Or, M.E., (2025). Investigation of trace and macro element contents in commercial Cat foods. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 11(1), p.e70123.
    Novotny MJ, Hogan PM, Flannigan G (1994). Echocardiographic evidence for myocardial failure induced by taurine deficiency in domestic cats. Can J Vet Res. 1994 Jan;58(1):6-12. PMID: 8143255; PMCID: PMC1263652.
    Buonaiuto, G.; Federiconi, A.; Vecchiato, C.G.; Benini, E.; Mordenti, A.L.(2025). Betaine Dietary Supplementation: Healthy Aspects in Human and Animal Nutrition. Antioxidants 2025, 14, 771. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14070771
  • Godfrey H, Rankovic A, Grant CE, Shoveller AK, Bakovic M, et al. (2022) Dietary choline in gonadectomized kittens improved food intake and body composition but not satiety, serum lipids, or energy expenditure. PLOS ONE 17(3): e0264321. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264321